At the same time in the Sharur-Daralagyoz uyezd, the territory of which would form the northern part of modern-day Nakhchivan, Azeris constituted 70.5% of the population, while Armenians made up 27.5%. A referendum was called for the people of Nakhchivan to be consulted. [113][114][115] In April 2006 British The Times wrote about the destruction of the cemetery in the following way: A Medieval cemetery regarded as one of the wonders of the Caucasus has been erased from the Earth in an act of cultural vandalism likened to the Taleban blowing up the Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan in 2001. This situation improved dramatically under Soviet rule. Its constitution was adopted on April 18, 1926.[24]. Meanwhile, feeling the situation to be hopeless and unable to maintain any control over the area, the British decided to withdraw from the region in mid-1919. Viken L. Attarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, Press Release August 29, 2007. The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic, known simply as Nakhichevan, is a landlocked exclave of Azerbaijan bordering Armenia, Turkey, and Iran.. Armenian tradition holds that Nakhichevan was founded by Noah, of the Abrahamic religions. December 1989 saw unrest in Nakhchivan as its Azeri inhabitants moved to physically dismantle the Soviet border with Iran to flee the area and meet their ethnic Azeri cousins in northern Iran. It is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, and Turkey to the west. [130], The Naxçivan Archaeological Project is the first ever joint American-Azerbaijani program of surveys and excavations, that was active since 2006. [46] With the onset of Russian rule, the Tsarist authorities encouraged resettlement of Armenians to Nakhchivan and other areas of the Caucasus from the Persian and Ottoman Empires. En 1918, après l'armistice de Moudros, elle est brièvement gouvernée par la Première République d'Arménie[10]. Cattle ranching is another traditional branch of Nakhchivan farming. Armenians had a historic presence in Nakhchivan (Armenian: Նախիջևան, Armenian pronunciation: [nɑχidʒɛvɑn]).According to an Armenian tradition, Nakhchivan was founded by Noah, of the Abrahamic religions.During the Soviet era, Nakhchivan saw a significant demographic shift. It was then plundered by invading Mongols in 1220 and Khwarezmians in 1225 and became part of Mongol Empire in 1236 when the Caucasus was invaded by Chormaqan. Vladimir Lenin, although welcoming this act of "great Soviet fraternity" where "boundaries had no meaning among the family of Soviet peoples", did not agree with the motion and instead called for the people of Nakhchivan to be consulted in a referendum. Un programme de restauration financé par l'OIM a permis de commencer à réhabiliter ces anciens réseaux, et fin août 2004, 24 techniciens avaient été formés et 10 chaheriz remis en fonction, assurant l'approvisionnement en eau de 34 villages. [6], Variations of the name Nakhchivan include Nakhichevan,[7] Naxcivan,[8] Naxçivan,[9] Nachidsheuan,[10] Nakhijevan,[11] Nuhișvân,[12]Nakhchawan,[13] Nakhitchevan,[14] Nakhjavan,[15] and Nakhdjevan. Nakhchivan enjoys a high Human Development Index; its socio-economic prowess far exceeds that of the neighbouring countries except Turkey, as well as Azerbaijan itself. Azerbaijanis combined with other Muslims. "[118] En 2005, après la destruction complète des gigantesques pierres tombales sculptées, appelées Khatchkar, et le déblayage des pierres brisées à Djoulfa, les Azerbaïdjanais ont construit un site militaire à la place de l’ancien cimetière arménien[17]. Special clauses of the Turkmenchay and Adrianople treaties allowed for this. Nakchivan is a part of the Azerbaijan, but they have some different rules because it is autonomous republic. This proposal was rejected by both Armenians (who did not wish to give up their claims to Qazakh, Zangezur and Karabakh) and Azeris (who found it unacceptable to give up their claims to Nakhchivan). Nakhchivan enjoys a high Human Development Index; its socio-economic prowess far exceeds that of the neighbouring countries except Turkey, as well as Azerbaijan itself. These sheep are distinguished by their productivity and snow-white silky wool which is widely used in the manufacture of carpets. The conflict soon erupted into the violent Aras War. cit., pp. With such a dramatic influx of Armenian immigrants, Griboyedov noted friction arising between the Armenian and Muslim populations. Moreover, they [the Ottomans] ruined and laid waste all of the villages, towns, fields, and buildings along the road over a distance of four or five days' march so that there was no sign of any buildings or life. During the Soviet era, Nakhchivan saw a significant demographic shift. [5] Many of the deportees were settled in the neighborhood of Isfahan that was named New Julfa since most of the residents were from the original Julfa (a predominantly Armenian town). Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur and Nakhchivan are recognised to be integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia.[57][58]. [25], In 189 BC, Nakhchivan became part of the new Kingdom of Armenia established by Artaxias I. [citation needed]. [25], In 189 BC, Nakhchivan became part of the new Kingdom of Armenia established by Artaxias I. 40, No. The most publicised case of mass destruction concerns gravestones at a medieval cemetery in Julfa, with photographic, video and satellite evidence supporting the charges. [63][64] This effectively crippled Armenia's economy, as 85% of the cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. [37] Nakhchivan was finally released from Arab rule in the 10th century by Bagratuni King Smbat I and handed over to the princes of Syunik. On May 4, 1992, Armenian forces shelled the raion of Sadarak. Although new markets are emerging in Iran and Turkey, this isolation still persists to this day, impairing development. [99], The Kurds of Nakhchivan are mainly found in the districts of Sadarak and Teyvaz. [19] First century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus also wrote about Nakhichevan, saying that its original name "Αποβατηριον, or Place of Descent, is the proper rendering of the Armenian name of this very city". Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, International Council on Monuments and Sites, American Association for the Advancement of Science, List of Chairmen of the Supreme Majlis of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/, "Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi", "Regions of Azerbaijan/Economic Regions of Azerbaijan", in "Eurasisches Magazin" (in German), August 2, 2011, Plant Genetic Resources in Central Asia and Caucasus: History of Armenia, Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics. [129] The Aras Song and Dance Ensemble (established in 1959) is another famous group. [32] In Nakhchivan, several hundred Armenian nobles were locked up in churches and burnt, while others were crucified.[14][32]. Atlas of Conflicts: Armenia: Nation Building and Territorial Disputes: 1918-1920, "Regions of Azerbaijan, Nakchivan economic district, Ethnic Structure [Azərbaycanın regionları, Naxçıvan iqtisadi rayonu, Milli tərkib]", Armenian SSR - Territorial Adjustments in 1925-1936, "Programme of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation", Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes, Institute for War & Peace Reporting, 2006, Regional Committee of the Communist Party, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenians_in_Nakhchivan&oldid=977885567, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Articles with dead external links from May 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from October 2016, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 September 2020, at 15:24. There are important sites such as Ilikligaya, Irinchoy, and the Sanctuary of Iydali Piri in Kangarli region. D'après le philologue allemand du XIXe siècle Johann Heinrich Hübschmann, le nom « Nakhitchevan » signifie littéralement en arménien « l'endroit de la descente », référence biblique à la descente de Noé depuis son arche sur le mont Ararat voisin. Though the destruction was halted following protests from UNESCO, it resumed four years later. [131] In 2010–11, they have excavated the large Iron Age fortress of Oğlanqala. The main crops – cotton and tobacco – are cultivated in the PriAraz plain, near Sharur and Nakhchivan City. [29] In 428, the Armenian Arshakuni monarchy was abolished and Nakhchivan was annexed by Sassanid Persia. While sympathetic to the TRNC, Azerbaijan has not followed suit because doing so could prompt the Republic of Cyprus to recognise the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. About 90% of the agricultural land is now in private hands. After the 1917 February Revolution, Nakhchivan and its surrounding region were under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently of the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. The important molybdenum mines are currently closed as a consequence of the exclave's isolation. This urban percentage increased to 18% by 1939 and 27% by 1959. When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhchivan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur (today the Armenian province of Syunik), and Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). Seven of these are raions. During the Soviet era, Nakhchivan saw a significant demographic shift. Recent excavations at Ovcular Tepesi allow the dating of the initial stage of formation of Kura-Araxes culture to 4200–3400 BC. [78] However, Armenia did not launch any further attacks on Nakhchivan and the presence of Russia's military warded off any possibility that Turkey might play a military role in the conflict. "[123] In 2006, Azerbaijan barred a Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) mission from inspecting and examining the ancient burial site, stating that it would only accept a delegation if it also visited Armenian-controlled territory. The Armenian churches in Norashen, Kırna and Gah that were standing in the 1980s had also vanished.[110][111][112]. [17][18], The 19th-century language scholar Johann Heinrich Hübschmann wrote that the name "Nakhichavan" in Armenian literally means "the place of descent", a Biblical reference to the descent of Noah's Ark on the adjacent Mount Ararat. Trying to convert them is the equivalent. It happened in the province of Gokhtan, which corresponds to Nakhchivan's modern Ordubad district. [59] When tensions between Armenians and Azeris were reignited in the late-1980s by the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Azerbaijan's Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a partial railway and air blockade against Armenia, while another reason for disruption of rail service to Armenia were attacks of Armenian forces on the trains entering the Armenian territory from Azerbaijan, which resulted in railroad personnel refusing to enter Armenia. Nakhitchevan is the capital of a district in the government of Erivan. Malaria, which mostly came from the adjoining Aras River, brought serious harm to the region. [26] This region also was taken by Sajids in 895 and between 909 and 929, Sallarid between 942 and 971 and Shaddadid between 971 and 1045. [41] Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the wars between the Safavids and the Ottoman Empire, from the 16th to 18th centuries. Le 20 janvier 1990, le Nakhitchevan proclame son indépendance « totale ». Also, compare it to Iran with HDI 0.749 (75th), Turkey with 0.759 (69th), or Azerbaijan with 0.747 (76th). Nakhchivan has also at times been mentioned in works of literature. Recognition of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Specifically, the situation was a series of vicious cycles.[54]. 2 (Apr, 1981), pp.128-129. [9], During the Russian Revolution of 1905, conflict erupted between the Armenians and the Azeris, culminating in the Armenian-Tatar massacres. La région était un canton de la province historique arménienne du Vaspourakan. [48], The Nakhchivan Khanate was dissolved in 1828 the same year it came into Russian possession, and its territory was merged with the territory of the Erivan khanate and the area became the Nakhchivan uyezd of the new Armenian oblast, which later became the Erivan Governorate in 1849. Christopher J. Walker, ed., Armenia and Karabakh, op. Malaria was sharply reduced and trachoma, typhus, and relapsing fever were completely eliminated.[24]. [100] The remaining Armenians were expelled by Azerbaijani forces during the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the forceful exchange of population between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Ces canaux souterrains, entièrement creusés à la main, permettaient de recueillir et d'amener à la surface l'eau de la nappe phréatique pour être consommée par les populations et pour l'agriculture. Gulubekov, and Huseyn Arablinski (the first Azerbaijani theatre director) are just a few of the names that have enriched Nakhchivan's cultural heritage. Le territoire compte des joyaux de la culture arménienne dont le cimetière de Julfa et ses milliers de khatchkars datant des XVe et XVIe siècles[20]. [108] The number of ecclesiastical monuments still standing in Nakhchivan in the 1980s is estimated to be between 59 and 100. In 1828, after the last Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Nakhchivan Khanate passed from Iranian into Imperial Russian possession. [125] The inspectors planned to visit Nagorno Karabakh via Armenia; however, on August 28, the head of the Azerbaijani delegation to PACE released a demand that the inspectors must enter Nagorno Karabakh via Azerbaijan. [11], By mid-June 1919, however, Armenia succeeded in establishing control over Nakhchivan and the whole territory of the self-proclaimed republic. At the time of the French traveller Jean Chardin's visit to Nakhchivan in the 1670s, only 8 of the original 28 villages remained loyal to Catholicism, and the rest had returned to the jurisdiction of the Armenian patriarch due to "heavy impositions upon them" with the remaining Catholics "not likely to hold out long." A similar complete destruction had happened to the 16th century St. Hakop-Hayrapet church in Shurut. Fruit production is quite important, mainly of quince, pear, peach, apricot, fig, almonds, and pomegranate. This was fulfilled when Nariman Narimanov, leader of Bolshevik Azerbaijan issued a declaration celebrating the "victory of Soviet power in Armenia", proclaimed that both Nakhchivan and Zangezur should be awarded to the Armenian people as a sign of the Azerbaijani people's support for Armenia's fight against the former DRA government:[56], As of today, the old frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared to be non-existent. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur and Nakhchivan are recognised to be integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia.[57][58]. Le Nakhitchevan est peuplé de 400 000 habitants (estimation 2009) [18], aujourd'hui en grande majorité d'origine turque (au sens large) et tatare, de religion musulmane chiite et de langue azérie. The area that is now Nakhchivan became part of Safavid Iran in the 16th century. [45] In the 17th century, Nakhchivan was the scene of a peasant movement led by Köroğlu against foreign invaders and "native exploiters". Variations of the name Nakhchivan include Nakhichevan, Naxcivan, Naxçivan, Nachidsheuan, Nakhijevan, Nuhișvân, Nakhchawan, Nakhitchevan, Nakhjavan, and Nakhdjevan. In January 1990 Nakhchivan declared independence from the USSR to protest against the suppression of the national movement in Azerbaijan, and became the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic within the newly independent Republic of Azerbaijan a year later. Three-quarters of the grain production, especially winter wheat is concentrated on the irrigated lands of the Sharur plain and in the basin of the Nakhchivan river. [24] It became part of the Satrapy of Armenia under Achaemenid Persia c. 521 BC. According to Wardrop, Armenian claims against Azerbaijan should not go beyond the administrative borders of the former Erivan Governorate (which under prior Imperial Russian rule encompassed Nakhchivan), while Azerbaijan was to be limited to the governorates of Baku and Elisabethpol. He forced the entire local population, Armenians, Jews and Muslims alike, to leave their homes and move to the Persian provinces south of the Aras River. Services in the Armenian language were delivered to them by Dominican priests for at least the next 350 years. After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC several generals of the Macedonian army, including Neoptolemus, attempted but failed to take control of the region, and it was ruled by the native Armenian dynasty of Orontids until Armenia was conquered by Antiochus III the Great (ruled 222–187 BC). [75], The heaviest fighting took place on 18 May, when the Armenians captured Nakhchivan's exclave of Karki, a tiny territory through which Armenia's main north–south highway passes. [24] In 1747, the Nakhchivan Khanate emerged in the region after the death of Nader Shah Afshar. Ce district aurait été limitrophe du district turc à forte population kurde d'Iğdır et de Nor Bayazit (actuelle ville de Gavar) qui auraient pu ultérieurement y être annexés[15]. Letter to Count I.F.Paskevich. Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World. The largest of the remaining Catholic villages was Abrener. The Nakhchivan khanate was dissolved in 1828, its territory was merged with the territory of the Erivan khanate and the area became the Nakhchivan uyezd of the new Armenian oblast, which later became the Erivan Governorate in 1849. (« Prolétaires de tous les pays, unissez-vous ! [17][18], The 19th-century language scholar Johann Heinrich Hübschmann wrote that the name "Nakhichavan" in Armenian literally means "the place of descent", a Biblical reference to the descent of Noah's Ark on the adjacent Mount Ararat. Aliyev subsequently resigned from the CPSU and after the failed August 1991 coup against Gorbachev, he called for complete independence for Azerbaijan and denounced Ayaz Mütallibov for supporting the coup. [59] The agreement between Soviet Russia and Turkey also called for attachment of the former Sharur-Daralagez uyezd (which had a solid Azeri majority) to Nakhchivan, thus allowing Turkey to share a border with the Azerbaijan SSR. [22] By 1979, it shrunk to 1.4%. [33] In the 8th century, Nakhchivan was one of the scenes[24] of an uprising against the Arabs led by Persian[34][35][36] revolutionary Babak Khorramdin of the Iranian Khorram-Dinān ("those of the joyous religion" in Persian). Ce rattachement est effectué avec l'accord de Lénine et confirmé par Staline dans l'accord signé en mars 1921 entre la République socialiste fédérative soviétique de Russie et la Turquie[12]. Thomas Ambrosio. In 1913, Nakhchivan only had two hospitals with a total of 20 beds. Nakhitchevan. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics. Le Nakhitchevan se voit ensuite inclus dans l'oblast arménien[7], puis dans le gouvernement d'Erevan[8]. In December 1918, with the support of Azerbaijan's Musavat Party, Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski declared the Republic of Aras in the Nakhchivan uyezd of the former Erivan Governorate assigned to Armenia by Wardrop. Dès 1620, le Nakhitchevan revient dans l’Empire séfévide, sauf pendant la période 1635/1636, jusqu’au début du XVIIIe siècle. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Armenia issued a statement saying that Azerbaijan had stopped the visit "due solely to their intent to veil the demolition of Armenian monuments in Nakhijevan". [47] Alexandr Griboyedov, the Russian envoy to Persia, stated that by the time Nakhchivan came under Russian rule, there had been 290 native Armenians families in the province excluding the city of Nakhchivan, the number of Muslim families was 1,632, and the number of the Armenian immigrant families was 943. Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the wars between Persia and the Ottoman Empire in the 14th to 18th centuries. The Medieval Armenian cemetery of Jugha (Julfa) in Nakhchivan, regarded by Armenians as the biggest and most precious repository of medieval headstones marked with Christian crosses – khachkars (of which more than 2,000 were still there in the late 1980s), was completely demolished by 2006. [106] Qazangödağ 3,829 m (12,562 ft) is another major peak. [77] After a period of political instability, the Parliament of Azerbaijan turned to Heydar Aliyev and invited him to return from exile in Nakhchivan to lead the country in 1993. Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic within Azerbaijan. When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhchivan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur (today the Armenian province of Syunik), and Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). Kültəpə is an important early Chalcolithic site in Nakhchivan. [13] Meanwhile, feeling the situation to be hopeless and unable to maintain any control over the area, the British decided to withdraw from the region in mid-1919. [24] In 1747, the Nakhchivan Khanate emerged in the region after the death of Nader Shah Afshar. The region was plagued by widespread diseases including trachoma and typhus. The constitution was adopted by the republic's assembly on April 28, 1998 and has been in force since January 8, 1999. [53] British journalist C. E. Bechhofer Roberts described the situation in April 1920: You cannot persuade a party of frenzied nationalists that two blacks do not make a white; consequently, no day went by without a catalogue of complaints from both sides, Armenians and Tartars [Azeris], of unprovoked attacks, murders, village burnings and the like. Armenian migrants mainly arrived to Nakhchivan from Urmia, Khoy and Salmas. Armenians had a historic presence in Nakhchivan (Armenian: Նախիջևան, Armenian pronunciation: [nɑχidʒɛvɑn]). [121] The report contained the analysis of high resolution satellite images of the Julfa cemetery, which verified the destruction of the khatckars. By mid-June 1919, however, Armenia succeeded in establishing control over Nakhchivan and the whole territory of the self-proclaimed republic. [68][69][70] The Armenians claimed that the attack was in response to cross-border shelling of Armenian villages by Azeri forces from Nakhchivan. The region continues to suffer from the effects of the Armenia-Azerbaijan War, and its Karki exclave has been under Armenian occupation ever since. "I went to university in Moscow and I didn't travel to Moscow once via Baku. According to legend, the cleft in its summit was formed by the keel of Noah's Ark as the floodwaters abated. In July 1920, the 11th Soviet Red Army invaded and occupied the region and on July 28, declared the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with "close ties" to the Azerbaijan SSR. Wines such as "Nakhchivan" "Shahbuz", "Abrakunis", at "Aznaburk" are of reasonable quality and very popular. In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation. The ARF programme for example states: The borders of United Armenia shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the Treaty of Sèvres as well as the regions of Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh), Javakhk, and Nakhchivan.[23]. Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, International Council on Monuments and Sites, American Association for the Advancement of Science, List of Chairmen of the Supreme Majlis of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, https://www.stat.gov.az/source/demoqraphy/ap/, "Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi", "Regions of Azerbaijan/Economic Regions of Azerbaijan", in "Eurasisches Magazin" (in German), August 2, 2011, Plant Genetic Resources in Central Asia and Caucasus: History of Armenia, Great Soviet Encyclopedia. "[116], The Armenians have long been sounding the alarm that the Azerbaijanis intend to eliminate all evidence of Armenian presence in Nakhichevan and to this end have been carrying out massive and irreversible destruction of Armenian cultural traces. In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation. Recognition of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. On May 4, 1992, Armenian forces shelled the raion of Sadarak. By 1914, the Armenian population had decreased slightly to 40% while the Azeri population increased to roughly 60%. Mosquée de Haji Rufai Bey (XVIIIe siècle). The Jugha cemetery was a unique collection of several thousand carved stone crosses on Azerbaijan's southern border with Iran. The oldest culture artifacts found in the region date back to the Neolithic Age (6000 B.C.E. En 1747, sous la dynastie locale des Kangarlou, le khanat de Nakhitchevan parvient toutefois à s'émanciper de la tutelle iranienne. The republic, especially the capital city of Naxçıvan (Nakhichevan), has a long history dating back to about 1500 bce. Le cimetière de Julfa, avant sa destruction. [19] First century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus also wrote about Nakhichevan, saying that its original name "Αποβατηριον, or Place of Descent, is the proper rendering of the Armenian name of this very city". "[118] L'islam en Arménie est surtout la religion de résidents temporaires venus d'Iran et d'autres pays musulmans, puisque dans son identité même, l'Arménie s'est construite comme un pays chrétien et en lutte contre les invasions de peuples musulmans. [citation needed], Although intentions to facilitate tourism have been declared by the government, it is still at best incipient. Pop. This deal was reaffirmed on October 23, in the Treaty of Kars. [citation needed], Under British occupation, Sir John Oliver Wardrop, British Chief Commissioner in the South Caucasus, made a border proposal to solve the conflict. It was the first part of the Soviet Union to declare independence, preceding Lithuania's declaration by only a few weeks. According to the report of Nakhchivan AR Committee of Statistics on June 30, 2014 for the end of 2013, some socio-economical data, including the following, are unveiled: Making use of the Human Development Index calculation method according to the new UNHD 2014 method,[105] the above values change into these: Were it a country, Nakhchivan would be ranked between Malaysia (62nd)[105] and Mauritius (63rd)[105] for its HDI. London: Strahan and Preston, 1811. Processing of minerals, salt, radio engineering, farm ginning, preserving, silk products, meat and dairy, bottling of mineral waters, clothing, and furniture are the principal branches of Nakhchivan's industry. [22] These materials were useful to study the Paleolithic age in Azerbaijan. This deal was reaffirmed on October 13, in the Treaty of Kars. The creative work of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, Huseyn Javid, M.S. Letter to Count I.F.Paskevich. By January 2003 "the 1,500-year-old cemetery had completely been flattened" according to Icomos.